作者:稳网互联来源:官方更新时间:2019-04-15点击数:11411
正则表达式是一种字符模式,用于在查找过程中匹配制定的字符。
元字符通常在Linux中分为两类:
Shell元字符,由Linux Shell进行解析;
正则表达式元字符,由vi/grep/sed/awk等文本处理工具进行解析;
正则表达式一般以文本行进行处理,在进行下面实例之前,先为grep
命令设置--color
参数:
$ alias grep='grep --color=auto'
这样每次过滤出来的字符串都会带色彩了。
在开始之前还需要做一件事情,就是创建一个测试用的re-file
文件,内容如下:
$ cat re-file I had a lovely time on our little picnic. Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love. is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the groove.
$ cat linux.txt Linux is a good god assdxw bcvnbvbjk greatttttt wexcvxc operaaaating dhfghfvx gooodfs awrerdxxhkl gdsystem awxxxx glad good
元字符 | 功能 |
---|---|
^ | 以什么开头 |
$ | 以什么结尾 |
. | 匹配一个字符 |
* | 匹配0个或多个 |
[] | 匹配集合中的 |
[x-y] | 匹配集合范围内的 |
[^ ] | 匹配不在集合中的 |
\ | 转义 |
特殊的元字符
元字符 | 功能 | 实例 | 怎么匹配 |
---|---|---|---|
\< | 以什么开头 | '\<love' | 匹配以love开头的所有行 |
\> | 以什么结尾 | 'love\>' | 匹配love结尾的所有行 |
\(..\) | 标签匹配以后使用的字符 | '\(love\)able \1er' | 用位置\1\2引导前面做好的标签,最大支持9个 |
x\{m\} or x\{m,\} or x\{m,n\} | 重复字符x,m次,至少m次,至少m且不超过n次 | o\{5,10\} | o 字符重复5到10次的行 |
扩展的正则表达式
元字符 | 说明 |
---|---|
+ | 重复前一个字符一个或一个以上 |
? | 0个或者一个字符 |
` | ` |
() | 分组过滤匹配 |
匹配以love开头的所有行
$ grep '^love' re-file love, how much I adore you. Do you know
匹配love结尾的所有行
$ grep 'love$' re-file clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love.
匹配以l开头,中间包含两个字符,结尾是e的所有行
$ grep 'l..e' re-file I had a lovely time on our little picnic. love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love. is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the
匹配0个或多个空行,后面是love
的字符
$ grep ' *love' re-file I had a lovely time on our little picnic. love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love.
匹配love或Love
$ grep '[Ll]ove' re-file # 对l不区分大小写 I had a lovely time on our little picnic. Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love.
匹配A-Z的字母,其次是ove
$ grep '[A-Z]ove' re-file Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh
匹配不在A-Z
范围内的任何字符行,所有的小写字符
$ grep '[^A-Z]' re-file I had a lovely time on our little picnic. Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love. is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the groove.
匹配love.
$ grep 'love\.' re-file clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love.
匹配空格
$ grep '^$' re-file
匹配任意字符
$ grep '.*' re-file I had a lovely time on our little picnic. Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love. is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the groove.
前面o
字符重复2到4次
$ grep 'o\{2,4\}' re-file groove.
重复o
字符至少2次
$ grep 'o\{2,\}' re-file groove.
重复0
字符最多2次
$ grep 'o\{,2\}' re-file I had a lovely time on our little picnic. Lovers were all around us. It is springtime. Oh love, how much I adore you. Do you know the extent of my love? Oh, by the way, I think I lost my gloves somewhere out in that field of clover. Did you see them? I can only hope love. is forever. I live for you. It's hard to get back in the groove.
重复前一个字符一个或一个以
$ egrep "go+d" linux.txt Linux is a good god assdxw bcvnbvbjk gooodfs awrerdxxhkl good
0个或者一个字符
ansheng@Ubuntu:/tmp$ egrep "go?d" linux.txt god assdxw bcvnbvbjk gdsystem awxxxx
或,查找多个字符串
$ egrep "gd|good" linux.txt Linux is a good gdsystem awxxxx good
分组过滤匹配
$ egrep "g(la|oo)d" linux.txt Linux is a good glad good